生物活性物的生物制造：现状、挑战和发展趋势

生物活性物的生物制造是指利用包括细胞、微生物和酶在内的生物系统生产具有生物活性的天然或合成分子的过程。这些分子可用于制药、化妆品、农业和食品工业等领域,对提高生命质量、延长生命长度具有重要意义。在合成生物学和自动化等技术的推动下,生物制造领域迅速发展,为创造新产品和替代传统产品提供了绿色可持续的生产模式,为生物经济的增长、创新作出了重要贡献。本文结合生物活性物研发及生产情况,简要梳理并分析了国内外生物活性物的现有市场和未来发展。生物制造作为一种绿色、可持续的生产方式,将在生物经济发展中持续发挥重要作用。     

计算机虚拟筛选技术在害虫行为调节剂研究中的应用

害虫行为调节剂是一种以嗅觉系统为靶标的绿色农药,在害虫的田间管理中发挥着重要的作用。然而,其先导化合物的发现通常依赖一系列生物测定的方法,不仅费时费力,且发现效率低。近年来,随着昆虫嗅觉功能数据的积累和结构生物学的飞速发展,以机器学习技术和分子对接为代表的2种基于计算机的药物虚拟筛选方法在害虫行为调节剂的先导化合物研究中发挥着重要的作用,极大地促进了先导化合物的发现效率,减少了筛选的盲目性。本文系统综述了2种虚拟筛选方法及其在害虫行为调节剂先导化合物研究中的应用,并对2种筛选策略在实际应用中存在的问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

COMPONENTS OF PHENOTYPIC SELECTION: POLLEN EXPORT AND FLOWER COROLLA WIDTH IN IPOMOPSIS AGGREGATA

In the hummingbird-pollinated herb Ipomopsis aggregata, selection through male function during pollination favors wide corolla tubes. We explored the mechanisms behind this selection, using phenotypic selection analysis to compare effects of corolla width on two components of male pollination success, pollinator visit rate and pollen exported per visit. During single visits by captive hummingbirds, flowers with wider corollas exported more pollen, and more dye used as a pollen analogue, to stigmas of recipient flowers. Corolla width was less strongly related to visit rate in the field, and had no direct effect on visit rate after nectar production and corolla length were controlled for. Moreover, the phenotypic selection differential was 80% higher for the effect on pollen exported per visit, suggesting that this is the more important mechanism of selection.     

The population biology of tench, Tinea tinea (L.), in two gravel pit lakes

The populations of tench from two gravel pit lakes of contrasting habitat type were studied. The population density of tench from St Peter's Lake, which has abundant aquatic vegetation was 176 individuals ha⁻¹ (102.2 kg ha⁻¹) compared to 0.3 individuals ha⁻¹ (0.5 kg ha⁻¹) in the Main Lake which has very little aquatic vegetation. The results of ageing tench by scales, opercular bones and otoliths were compared; all three structures gave similar results up to 9 years of age, but thereafter there were difficulties in ageing using scales and care was needed in counting annuli. The oldest tench caught was 15 years old. Growth of male and female tench was similar and fitted the von Bertalanffy model; for female tench L_∞ = 573 mm, K =0.122 and for male tench L_∞ = 586 mm, K =0.114. Recruitment was variable and strong year classes occurred in years with warm summers.     

Population ecology of the paddy field-dwelling fish Channa gachua (Günther) (Perciformes, Channidae) in Sri Lanka

A population of Channa gachua in a small irrigation canal that supplies rice fields was studied by monthly sampling over 2 years. The population density was positively correlated with the rainfall and varied from 0.34 to 0.95 individuals m⁻². The growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation determined on monthly size–frequency data were L_x = 179 mm total length and K =0.50. Overall male to female ratio was 0.82 and there were more females than males in the middle size classes. Spawning occurred throughout the year, but all evidence indicated enhanced breeding during major rainy periods of May to July and October to December. The length at first spawning was 102 mm, which is reached in about 20 months. Fecundity, which varied between 389 and 2130, was positively correlated with gonad weight, body weight and total length. Longevity and natural mortality were estimated as 6 years and l.27 yr⁻¹, respectively. However, 99% of the population appeared to live for only 3 years. The mean biomass, average annual production and turnover ratio of the population were 7.35 g m⁻², 12.06 g m⁻² and 1.64, respectively.     

Female Gametophyte Development in Higher Plants - Meiosis and Mitosis Break the Cellular Barrier

Abstract: Meiotic products in higher plants should undergo a determined number of mitotic cycles before differentiating gametes. This creates a unique meiosis-mitosis interface, traverse of which is an absolute requirement for gametophyte development. In the absence of cytokinesis during megasporogenesis - as seen in the bisporic and tetrasporic types - the haploid nuclei produced by meiosis are driven to undergo mitotic cycles within the same cell. Similarly, the last of the mitotic cycles leads to a unique type of cell wall formation resulting in cellularization of the coenocytic female gametophyte, creating a mitosis-cellularization interface. Cell cycle regulation in terms of the molecules that interface with these two key spatio-temporal developmental settings should be of interest to both cell and developmental biologists. High throughput techniques of functional genomics are required for both interpretation of female gametophyte evolution and success of the biotechnological initiatives of transferring apomixis-related genes to crop plants.     

组建昆虫系统生物学的目的性和可行性探索

通过作在昆虫生物学方面近五十年研究工作的体会．提出了组建昆虫系统生物学的目的性和可行性探索．拟以昆虫分类序列目、科、属、种为单元,将一些已知种类的有关生物学环节．一一列叙．编成《中国农林昆虫系统生物学手册》．再以目、科、属、种为主体,探求彼此间在生物学各环节间的共性和个性,分别加以比较、归纳和分析．作为这—分支学科的蘸本。